Write a Function to Transform a Continuous Variable Into a €œbinned†Categorical Variable
Task 1a: How to Identify and Recode Missing Data in NHANES Using SAS
The first task is to identify missing data and recode it Here are the steps:
- Identify missing and unavailable values
- Recode unavailable values as missing
- Evaluate extent of missing data
Step 1: Identify missing and unavailable values
In this step, you will use the proc means procedure to check for missing, minimum and maximum values of continuous variables, and the proc freq procedure to look at the frequency distribution of categorical variables in your master analytic dataset. The output from these procedures provides the number and frequency of missing values for each variable listed in the procedure statement.
Typically, proc means is used for continuous variables, and proc freq is used for categorical variables. In the following example, we provide proc means and proc freq procedures on the same set of variables without distinguishing continuous and categorical variables. If you perform a proc freq on a continuous variable with many values, the output could be extensive.
| Statements | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Proc means data=demo_BP N Nmiss min max; | Use the proc means procedure to determine the number of missing observations (Nmiss), minimum values (min), and maximum values (max) for the selected variables. |
| where ridstatr= 2 and ridageyr>= 20 ; | Use the where statement to select the participants who were interviewed and examined in the MEC and who were age 20 years and older. |
| var BPQ010--BPQ100d MCQ160b--MCQ160f; | Use the var statement to indicate the variables of interest. |
| Statements | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Proc freq data=demo_BP; | Use the proc freq procedure to determine the frequency of each value of the variables listed. |
| where ridstatr= 2 and ridageyr>= 20 ; | Use the where statement to select the participants who were interviewed and examined in the MEC and who were age 20 years and older. |
| Table BPQ010--BPQ100d MCQ160b--MCQ160f/list missing; | Use the table statement to indicate the variables of interest. Use the list missing option to display the missing values. |
Highlighted items from proc means and proc freq output:
- The column labeled " N" shows the number of observations with data. This example has 9,376 observations for the variable, BPQ.020, labeled " Ever told had high blood pressure".
- The column labeled " N Miss" indicates the number of observations without data. This example has 95 missing observations for the variable BPQ.020.
- Each response value of a variable has a corresponding frequency (check the codebook to determine the definition for each value). In this example, the variable BPQ.010, labeled " Last blood pressure reading by a doctor," has seven possible response values labeled " ." (missing), " 1," " 2," " 3," " 4," " 5," and " 9".
- The column labeled " Freq" indicates the frequency with which a particular response value occurs in the dataset. In this example, two observations have a " ." (missing) value and 6,759 observations have a value of " 1".
- The column labeled " Percent" indicates the percentage for which each value of the variable accounts, out of the total. The " ." (missing) and " 1" response values of BPQ.010 account for 0.02 and 71.37% of the total, respectively.
- Note for the variable BPQ.070, labeled as " When blood cholesterol last checked", one observation has a value of " 7" and 52 observations have a value of " 9". These represent the frequency of " refused" and " don't know" responses that were obtained for this question. These observations will need to be recoded as missing, which will be covered in the next step.
- Watch animation of program and output
- Can't view the demonstration? Try our Tech Tips for troubleshooting help.
Step 2: Recode unavailable values as missing
Two options can be used to recode the missing data:
- assign missing values one variable at a time using an if…then statement, or
- assign missing values by group using an array statement.
| Statements | Explanation |
|---|---|
| demo_BP1; | Use the data statement to create a new dataset from your existing dataset; the name of the existing dataset is listed after the set statement. |
| if BPQ010 in ( 7 , 9 ) then BPQ010= . ; | Use the if…then statement to recode "7" and "9" values of a variable as missing. |
| Statements | Explanation |
|---|---|
| demo_BP1; set demo_BP; | Use the data statement to create a new dataset from your existing dataset; the name of the existing dataset is listed after the set statement. |
| array _rdmiss bpq020 bpq070 bpq080 mcq160b--mcq160f; do over _rdmiss; if _rdmiss in ( 7 , 9 ) then _rdmiss= . ; end ; | Use the array statement to recode "7" and "9" values of a variable as missing. In this example, _rdmiss designates the name of the array. Use this option when you want to recode multiple variables that use the same numeric value for "refused" and "don't know". |
- Watch animation of program and output
Step 3: Evaluate extent of missing data
In this step we will use the proc freq procedure to ensure that the recoding done in the previous step was done correctly. As a general rule, if 10% or less of your data for a variable are missing from your analytic dataset, it is usually acceptable to continue your analysis without further evaluation or adjustment. However, if more than 10% of the data for a variable are missing, you may need to determine whether the missing values are distributed equally across socio-demographic characteristics, and decide whether further imputation of missing values or use of adjusted weights are necessary. (Please see Analytic Guidelines for more information.)
| Statements | Explanation |
|---|---|
| data =demo_BP1; | Use the proc freq procedure to determine the frequency of each value of the variables listed. |
| where ridstatr= 2 and ridageyr>= 20 ; | Use the where statement to select the study group who were interviewed and MEC examined and who were age 20 years and older. |
| table BPQ010--BPQ100d MCQ160b--MCQ160f/ list missing ; ; | Use the table statement to indicate the variables of interest. |
Highlighted items from the proc freq output for recoding missing values:
- In this example, the variable BPQ.010, labeled as " Last blood pressure reading by a doctor", now has only five response values instead of the original seven observed before recoding — the values " 7" and " 9" are no longer present. Also note that there are now a total of 18 missing values (instead of two originally).
- Review of this output indicates that the " 7" and " 9" values have been successfully recoded and are now classified as missing (.).
- Note that variable BPQ.030 still has a " 9" value present, indicating " don't know" responses. This value was not recoded because this variable is part of a skip pattern. It is important to NOT assign " refused" or " don't know" values as missing for variables in a skip pattern, such as BPQ.030, because missing values for skipped variables have an entirely different meaning than missing values for variables that are not part of a skip pattern. We will review how to identify and treat skip patterns in the next task.
- Note that 34.71% of the observations for variable BPQ.070 have missing values.
- Watch animation of program and output
Source: http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/nchs/tutorials/nhanes/Preparing/CleanRecode/Task1.htm